Dry-Deposition

ModelingToolkit implementation of the aerodynamic resistance to dry deposition from Seinfeld & Pandis (2006), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2nd ed., Chapter 19 (Dry Deposition), Eq. 19.14. Computes the aerodynamic resistance r_a [s/m] -- the resistance to turbulent transport of a depositing species through the surface layer, from the reference height z down to the roughness height z_0 -- under neutral atmospheric stability. Eq. 19.14, r_a = ln(z/z_0)/(kappa*u_star), is the integral of the neutral-stability logarithmic wind profile: r_a falls inversely with the friction velocity u_star (stronger turbulence carries the species down faster) and with the logarithm of the height ratio z/z_0 (a rougher surface, larger z_0, is more efficiently coupled to the atmosphere and presents less aerodynamic resistance). Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/seinfeld_pandis_ch19.jl:106 (the AerodynamicResistance @component). Purely algebraic: no differential states, a single explicit equation.

ModelingToolkit implementation of particle (aerosol) dry deposition from Seinfeld & Pandis (2006), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2nd ed., Chapter 19 (Dry Deposition), Eq. 19.7. Computes the particle dry deposition velocity v [m/s] for a single aerosol size and the corresponding first-order deposition rate k = v/z [1/s], as a resistance network: v = 1/(R_a + R_b + R_a*R_b*V_s) + V_s, where R_a is the aerodynamic resistance (Eqs. 19.13-19.14), R_b is the quasi-laminar sublayer resistance (Eq. 19.27), and V_s is the gravitational settling velocity (Eq. 9.42). R_b combines Brownian diffusion (Schmidt number), inertial impaction (Stokes number) and interception, with land-use-dependent collector geometry from the Seinfeld & Pandis Table 19.2 characteristic-radius table. Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/dry_deposition.jl:1040 (the DryDepositionAerosol builder); its DryDepParticle kernel (src/dry_deposition.jl:272) and the whole helper chain (ra, mu, mfp, cc, vs, dParticle, sc, stSmooth/stVeg, RbParticle) are inlined. Purely algebraic: no differential states -- the 27 computed quantities are observed variables defined by inline expressions.

Wesley (1989) gas-phase dry deposition model. Computes dry deposition velocities v_* [m/s] and rates k_* [1/s] for 132 atmospheric trace gas species. Each species is characterized by its GasData (Dh2oPerDx, Hstar, Fo) constants from Wesely (1989) Table 2 and extended GEOS-Chem species data. The deposition velocity v_i = ifelse(lev==1,1,0) / (Ra + Rb_i + Rc_i) where Ra is the aerodynamic resistance (shared), Rb_i = 5*Sc_i^(2/3)/u_star is the quasi-laminar sublayer resistance, and Rc_i is the Wesley (1989) surface resistance computed inline with species constants substituted. Rain and dew are hardcoded false in the upstream DryDepositionGas builder. Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/dry_deposition.jl:323.

ModelingToolkit implementation of the complete gas dry-deposition velocity model from Seinfeld & Pandis (2006), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2nd ed., Chapter 19 (Dry Deposition), Eq. 19.2 (deposition velocity) and Eq. 19.1 (deposition flux). The gas dry-deposition velocity follows the resistance-in-series model: a depositing gas crosses three resistances stacked in series between the reference height and the surface -- the aerodynamic resistance r_a (turbulent transport through the surface layer, Eq. 19.14), the quasi-laminar resistance r_b (molecular diffusion across the thin stagnant sublayer in contact with the surface, Eq. 19.17), and the surface resistance r_c (uptake by the canopy along four parallel pathways, Wesely 1989, Eq. 19.50). The deposition velocity is the reciprocal of their sum, v_d = 1/(r_a + r_b + r_c), and the downward deposition flux is F = -v_d*C for a gas concentration C at the reference height. Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/seinfeld_pandis_ch19.jl:416 (`DryDepositionGas` @component), which composes three MTK subsystems via `System(eqs, t; systems=[aero, qlam, surf])` plus its own coupling equations. Represented here as a subsystem-composed ESS model (spec section 4.7): the `aero` subsystem inlines the already-migrated AerodynamicResistance component (aerodynamic_resistance.esm, esm-x8pg), `qlam` inlines QuasiLaminarResistanceGas (quasi_laminar_gas.esm, esm-t3wp), and `surf` inlines SurfaceResistance (surface_resistance.esm, esm-ug1i), wired together by seven top-level coupling equations. Algebraic (no time derivative): u_star, C, G and T_s are input parameters; r_t, v_d and F are algebraic state outputs.

Composite particle dry-deposition model from Seinfeld & Pandis (2006), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2nd ed., Chapter 19 (Dry Deposition). Given the surface-layer friction velocity and an aerosol particle's properties it computes the particle dry deposition velocity v_d (Eq. 19.7) and the resulting downward deposition flux F (Eq. 19.1). Eq. 19.7, v_d = 1/(r_a + r_b + r_a*r_b*v_s) + v_s, combines the resistance-network pathway -- turbulent transport through the aerodynamic resistance r_a and the quasi-laminar boundary-layer resistance r_b, with the r_a*r_b*v_s cross term capturing gravitational settling acting inside the resistance network -- with a direct gravitational-settling term v_s; the flux F = -v_d*C (Eq. 19.1) is negative for downward transport. The competition between Brownian diffusion (efficient for sub-0.1 um particles) and inertial impaction (efficient for super-um particles) leaves a deposition-velocity minimum at accumulation-mode sizes. Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/seinfeld_pandis_ch19.jl:479 (the DryDepositionParticle @component), which composes three MTK subsystems via System(eqs, t; systems=[aero, settling, qlam]). Represented here as a subsystem-composed ESS model (spec §4.7): the aero subsystem inlines the already-migrated AerodynamicResistance component (aerodynamic_resistance.esm, esm-x8pg), settling inlines ParticleSettling (particle_settling.esm, esm-egwt) and qlam inlines QuasiLaminarResistanceParticle (quasi_laminar_particle.esm, esm-brbr), wired by six top-level coupling equations. Purely algebraic (no D() time-derivative anywhere): u_star and C are input parameters; v_d and F are algebraic state outputs.

Gravitational settling velocity and Brownian diffusivity of an aerosol particle, from Seinfeld & Pandis (2006), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2nd ed., Chapter 19 (Dry Deposition). Two algebraic outputs are computed from the particle and air properties. The settling (terminal) velocity v_s = rho_p*D_p^2*g*C_c/(18*mu) (Eq. 19.18) is the steady gravitational drift speed of a particle in the Stokes (low-Reynolds-number) regime, where aerodynamic drag balances gravity; the Cunningham slip correction factor C_c (>= 1) accounts for the non-continuum reduction in drag when the particle diameter approaches the mean free path of air. The Brownian diffusivity D_diff = k_B*T*C_c/(3*pi*mu*D_p) (Eq. 19.20) is the Stokes-Einstein diffusion coefficient describing the particle's thermal random walk. The two quantities have opposite size dependence -- v_s grows as D_p^2 while D_diff falls as 1/D_p -- which is the physical origin of the dry-deposition-velocity minimum for accumulation-mode (~0.1-1 um) aerosol: such particles settle too slowly to deposit gravitationally yet are too large to diffuse efficiently to the surface. Both quantities feed the Zhang et al. (2001) quasi-laminar resistance and the overall particle dry deposition velocity computed by the sibling sp_ch19 components. Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/seinfeld_pandis_ch19.jl:182 (`ParticleSettling` @component). Observed-only algebraic model: rho_p, D_p, mu, T, C_c are input parameters, g/k_B/pi_val are physical-constant parameters, and v_s and D_diff are the two algebraic outputs, each fixed by one equation with no time derivative.

ModelingToolkit implementation of the quasi-laminar (boundary-layer) resistance to gaseous dry deposition from Seinfeld & Pandis (2006), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2nd ed., Chapter 19 (Dry Deposition), Eq. 19.17. The quasi-laminar resistance r_b [s/m] is the second of the three series resistances of the gas dry-deposition resistance model (r_a aerodynamic + r_b quasi-laminar + r_c surface) and represents molecular diffusion of the depositing gas across the thin, quasi-laminar sublayer of stagnant air in direct contact with the surface. It is computed as r_b = 5*Sc^(2/3)/u_star, where the Schmidt number Sc = nu/D_g is the ratio of the kinematic viscosity of air nu to the molecular diffusivity D_g of the gas, and u_star is the friction velocity. Slower-diffusing (higher-Sc) gases face a larger boundary-layer resistance, and stronger surface turbulence (higher u_star) thins the sublayer and lowers r_b. Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/seinfeld_pandis_ch19.jl:143 (`QuasiLaminarResistanceGas` @component). Algebraic (no time derivative) two-equation system: Sc and r_b are the algebraic outputs (the upstream component's computed @variables, migrated as type:state); nu and D_g are the input @parameters and u_star is the upstream input @variable (migrated as type:parameter -- it carries no defining equation and the upstream test suite compiles the component with u_star declared as an input).

Zhang et al. (2001) quasi-laminar (boundary-layer) resistance r_b for particle dry deposition, Seinfeld & Pandis (2006) Ch. 19 Eq. 19.27. r_b = 1/(3*u_star*(E_B+E_IM+E_IN)*R_1) sums three size-dependent collection mechanisms — Brownian diffusion E_B (Eq. 19.21), inertial impaction E_IM (Eq. 19.22), and interception E_IN (Eq. 19.25) — scaled by the friction velocity u_star and the rebound-correction sticking fraction R_1 (Eq. 19.26). The competition between diffusion (efficient for sub-0.1 um particles) and impaction (efficient for super-um particles) leaves a deposition minimum at accumulation-mode sizes. Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/seinfeld_pandis_ch19.jl:234 (`QuasiLaminarResistanceParticle` @component). The seven upstream equations are migrated verbatim and one-to-one; the five input @parameters, the @constant g, and the three externally-supplied input @variables (u_star, v_s, D_diff) are all parameters, and the seven equation-defined quantities (Sc, St, E_B, E_IM, E_IN, R_1, r_b) are the algebraic outputs.

ModelingToolkit implementation of the surface (canopy) resistance to gaseous dry deposition from Seinfeld & Pandis (2006), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2nd ed., Chapter 19 (Dry Deposition), Eqs. 19.50-19.52 -- the Wesely (1989) resistance model. Computes the total surface resistance r_c [s/m] as four parallel deposition pathways (Eq. 19.50): the combined stomatal+mesophyll pathway, the cuticular/outer-surface pathway r_lu, the lower-canopy pathway r_dc+r_cl, and the ground pathway r_ac+r_gs. The stomatal resistance r_st (Eq. 19.51) responds to solar irradiance G and surface temperature T_s through dimensionless light and temperature factors; the mesophyll resistance r_m (Eq. 19.52) is set by the gas's effective Henry's-law solubility H_star and reactivity f_0. Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/seinfeld_pandis_ch19.jl:311 (the SurfaceResistance @component). Purely algebraic: no differential states, six explicit equations evaluated as a triangular cascade.

Wesely (1989) bulk surface (canopy) resistance to gaseous dry deposition. Computes the total surface resistance r_c [s/m] along Wesely's three parallel mass-transfer pathways — the upper-canopy leaf cuticles, the lower-canopy structures, and the ground — from the gas species' Henry's-law solubility and reactivity, solar irradiation, surface air temperature, terrain slope, season, land-use category, and surface wetness (rain/dew). Migrated from AtmosphericDeposition.jl@e4468c79 src/wesley1989.jl:360 (the `WesleySurfaceResistance` builder function); implements Wesely (1989) Eq. 2 with the stomatal, mesophyll, cuticle, lower-canopy and ground sub-resistances of Eqs. 3-14 and the Walmsley & Wesely (1996) corrections.